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Illustration of two women having a discussion with a thought bubble featuring a melting globe and an illuminati symbolIMAGE SOURCE,JANA TAUSCHINSKI/ BBC
By Merlyn Thomas & Marco Silva
BBC Climate Disinformation reporters
What can you do when the people closest to you believe climate change is a hoax?
It was during school pick-up a few years ago that Lance Lawson first asked his father about his views on global warming.
“He basically told me something along the lines of ’It’s nonsense’,” Lance recalls.
His dad spoke of unscrupulous politicians “fearmongering” for electoral gain. Climate change, he told Lance, was completely “overblown”.
From left to right: Brian Anderson (father) and Lance Lawson (son)IMAGE SOURCE,LANCE LAWSON
Image caption,
Brian Anderson (left) was convinced climate change was ‘nonsense’ until his son Lance Lawson started discussing it with him
Lance, now 21, lives with his father, Brian Anderson, in the US state of Florida. He was just a teenager when that conversation happened, but it made a huge impression on him.
“My father is a very smart man,” he says. “So I assumed that, if my father is telling me this, then it must be true.”
But, as time went on, Lance started realising his father’s views weren’t backed by scientific evidence – and he decided to challenge him.
“Whenever he drove me to school, I would give my own argument, and he would downplay the evidence. It would force me to acquire new evidence, and that cycle helped expand my own understanding.”
‘Vessels for communication’
If someone close to you believes climate change is a hoax, you may find it hard to do what Lance did.
Maybe you fear confrontation, maybe you simply don’t know how to explain the basic science of global warming.
A really simple guide to climate change
How do we know climate change is caused by humans?
How extreme weather is linked to climate change
But Gail Whiteman, professor of sustainability at the University of Exeter, says it’s important to talk: "If we don’t tackle climate denial and climate indifference, then the uphill battle to find a safer future is lost.
“We need to tackle our teachers, our neighbours… All of us have to become vessels for communication.”
But how exactly do you go about starting the conversation?
Reciting the facts isn’t always the answer
Sander van der Linden is professor of social psychology at the University of Cambridge, and studies how people get sucked into conspiracy theories.
Sander van der Linden, professor of social psychology at the University of Cambridge.IMAGE SOURCE,DANIELLA DA SILVA
Image caption,
Prof Sander van der Linden says facts don’t always change minds – in fact, they might backfire
He says years of research have shown him that confronting people with hard evidence is not the way to go.
While it might be tempting to try to bluntly fight conspiracy theories with facts, “there’s a very high chance it backfires”.
“Telling people that they don’t know what they’re talking about, or that they’re wrong, just creates more defensive responses.”
Lance says there is a common misconception that people who don’t believe that climate change is real are “stupid or uneducated”.
“But there are a lot of people out there who are just naturally sceptical as part of their personality,” he says.
His father, Brian, is one of them – he grew up in rural Minnesota in the 1970s. “It was incredibly cold,” Brian says, and this made it hard for him to believe scientists who spoke of a “warming planet”.
Two men standing on water with megaphonesIMAGE SOURCE,GETTY IMAGES
Affirm their worldview
Lance says that his father is a very religious man – so he asked him to assume that climate change might be real, and questioned whether he wouldn’t then have a moral responsibility to take care of what God had provided.
“Lance spoke in a language that I could appreciate and understand,” says Brian. “You have to approach people in terms of where they’re at.”
Prof van der Linden believes that changing the minds of climate deniers is impossible without affirming – to some extent – their worldview.
He says it’s important to “[expose] techniques of manipulation” by asking questions such as: “Have you considered that some of these theories might be created to take advantage of people?”
‘Remain humble’
No-one likes being talked down to, and the same goes for someone engaging with climate change denial.
“You can’t convince someone if they perceive that there’s a power differential,” says Prof van der Linden. “The whole point of a conspiracy is the idea that there are these powerful elites conspiring against us.”
Lance’s close bond with his dad is something he believes was key to persuading him, but he also says it’s important to check your tone: “Ask yourself, ‘Am I sounding sanctimonious?’ Remain humble. Be gentle.”
Is it worth it?
Falling down the rabbit hole of conspiratorial thinking can be a long process – taking months, or even years.
Prof van der Linden believes that thinking you’ll win someone over with a single, one-off conversation is simply not realistic: “You have to be content with small wins, and compromise.”
And yet, some experts question whether talking to climate change deniers is really worth it.
Abbie Richards researches the spread of misinformation on social media.
Screenshot from a TikTok video by Abbie RichardsIMAGE SOURCE,TIKTOK/TOFOLOGY
Image caption,
Abbie Richards is sceptical about the merit of arguing with climate change deniers
“Effort is better spent on pushing for actual change, rather than trying to combat solidified disinformation that has been pushed… for years,” she says.
“But I also think trying to find things that you can agree upon might be more helpful, like [other] policies that we could both get behind.”
On TikTok, she debunks disinformation about climate change, but says she’s given up trying to engage with hardcore conspiracy theorists.
“I don’t give credibility to people who are denying climate science, and I don’t want to waste my energy on debunking more of their disinformation.”
But Prof van der Linden points out that “some of these dismissive individuals are very loud and have a disproportionate influence on public debate”.
“It’s quite risky to do nothing, especially when [they] have outsized voices.”
‘Breathtaking moment’
With time and patience, Lance managed to convince his father that climate change was real – so much so that he was surprised by his own success.
“One time, my dad came downstairs in the middle of the night, so enthused after watching a documentary about deforestation that he was like: ‘Lance you won’t believe what’s going on in the rainforest!’
“It was a breathtaking moment, to see him so engaged.”
Police cordon off protesters in LeicesterIMAGE SOURCE,LEICESTER MEDIA
By Reha Kansara & Abdirahim Saeed
BBC Trending and BBC Monitoring
Recent violent disorder in Leicester caused shock and outrage and prompted dozens of arrests, but how much was it fuelled by misinformation posted online?
We’ve spent the past week trying to unpick some of the false claims in and about Leicester and tried to see how much they spread both in the run-up to the disorder and the aftermath.
Temporary chief constable Rob Nixon told BBC Two’s Newsnight there had been a deliberate attempt by people to use social media in a destructive way.
Mayor Sir Peter Soulsby also blamed online disinformation and said otherwise there was “no obvious local cause for this at all”. At least one of those sentenced over the disorder has admitted being influenced by social media.
When we spoke to people in Leicester, either community leaders, or those who otherwise had experience of the disorder, they singled out particular pieces of misinformation that had fuelled tension in the run-up to the worst of the disorder on the weekend of 17-18 September.
One false story was referenced several times.
“Today my 15-year-old daughter… was nearly kidnapped,” read a post uploaded on to Facebook, supposedly by a concerned father. “3 Indian boys got out and asked her if she was Muslim. She said yes and one guy tried to grab her.”
The post was liked hundreds of times, not on Facebook but on Twitter after Majid Freeman, a community activist, shared the family’s story on 13 September. He also shared a message from the police which he said was “confirming the incident which took place yesterday [12 September]”.
But there had been no kidnap attempt.
The BBC is not responsible for the content of external sites.View original tweet on Twitter
A day later, Leicestershire Police issued a statement after investigating and stated that “the incident did not take place”. Majid Freeman deleted his posts and said the attempted abduction had not happened and that his initial version had been based on conversation with the family making the allegation.
But damage had already been done and this false kidnap claim kept being regurgitated on other platforms.
On WhatsApp, messages forwarded many times over were initially taken by some as the truth. On Instagram, profiles – some with hundreds of thousands of followers – shared screenshots of the original post and allegedly accused a Hindu man of being behind the “failed abduction”.
But it’s not possible to gauge the scale of spread in private networks. And as far as public posts go we have used the CrowdTangle tool and been unable to find any repeating the attempted kidnapping claims. Posts could have been deleted of course, and the claims may still be circulating in private groups.
Many in Leicester have said the roots of the tension go back much further. A swathe of media reports have focused on an incident in Leicester following a dramatic victory for India over Pakistan in cricket’s Asia Cup in Dubai on 28 August.
As with so much misinformation what happened next was a matter of distortion rather than complete fabrication.
Something did happen. Video from that night shows a group of men, with several wearing India kits, marching down Melton Road in Leicester shouting “death to Pakistan” before scuffles broke out and the police arrived.
Many on social media seized on another video supposedly showing a Muslim man being attacked after walking into the crowd. But it has subsequently been widely suggested that the man was a Sikh.
Leicester police stand around man holding his hands in the airIMAGE SOURCE,LEICESTER MEDIA
There are some in Leicester who trace the disorder back much further, at least to an incident on Sunday 22 May. Video has been circulated on social media purportedly showing a 19-year-old Muslim man being pursued by a group of men described in social media posts as “Hindu extremists”. Other posts referred to Hindutva, an ideology mostly associated with right-wing Hindu nationalists in India.
The video itself does not show much – it is grainy and black-and-white and shows a group of men running down a street before an altercation happens. It’s hard to decipher who these men were and what their specific backgrounds are.
Police have said they are investigating a report of a public order offence and have interviewed a 28-year-old man, but that the investigation is ongoing. The religious affiliation of the victim has not been revealed.
While the truth of the incident is still being investigated, the social media posts have consistently been explicit in describing it as religiously motivated.
Picking apart how much the social media distortion and misinformation has actually driven disorder is extremely difficult.
These three incidents are not the only episodes to have prompted flurries of social media activity but they remain the most cited in the run-up to the major disorder on 17 and 18 September.
Graph of tweets related to Leicester unrest
Those events in Leicester, with tensions and disorder suddenly prominent in national media, prompted a massive increase in social media posts.
An investigation by BBC Monitoring – using commercial Twitter analysis tool Brandwatch – identified about half a million tweets in English that mention Leicester in the context of recent tensions.
Within a sample of 200,000 tweets, BBC Monitoring found that just over half of mentions were made by accounts that the tool geo-located to India. The top hashtags used by many of the Indian accounts in the past week included #Leicester, #HindusUnderAttack and #HindusUnderattackinUK.
The BBC found lots of indications of manipulation by accounts using these hashtags.
The most prolific user of some of these hashtags, for example, was geo-located to India, had no profile picture and the account was only started earlier this month. These are classic signs that can suggest “inauthentic activity” ie a likelihood that individuals are deliberately using multiple accounts to push a narrative.
The BBC examined the top 30 URLs that were shared using these hashtags. Of them, 11 were links to articles written by news website OpIndia.com, which describes itself as “bringing the right side of India to you”. As well as potentially inauthentic accounts, these articles were also widely shared by genuine accounts including some with hundreds of thousands of followers.
One of the OpIndia articles cited British researcher Charlotte Littlewood, from the Henry Jackson Society, who told GB News that several Hindu families had left Leicester due to threats of violence from Muslims. The article was retweeted nearly 2,500 times. Leicester Police have since said that they were unaware of any reports of families having to leave.
It’s important to stress that there was no significant volume of tweets before the outbreak of the major disorder on 17-18 September.
Screenshot of tweetIMAGE SOURCE,TWITTER
Among the wave of social media activity in the UK prompted by the disorder, claims circulated widely that coach-loads of Hindu activists were being bussed into Leicester to stir up trouble.
All we have to go on is the identities of the people arrested by police. As of 23 September they had arrested 47 people, of whom eight had been charged. Of those arrested, 36 were from Leicester, one from Market Harborough, eight from Birmingham and just two from London. All of the eight who were charged were from Leicester.
Some posts made allegations that a specific London coach company had been used to bus in Hindu activists.
A video that circulated on WhatsApp and Twitter from 18 September showed a coach outside a Hindu temple in London, with a voice claiming the coach had just returned from Leicester. In a video posted the next day on Instagram the owner of the coach company said: “lots of people are calling me, threatening me, abusing me without any reason.”
Screenshot of tweet
He said that none of his coaches had travelled to Leicester in the past two months and provided evidence from the GPS tracker of the bus in the video showing it had remained in south-east England on the weekend of 17-18 September.
False claims also circulated about the causes of a fire in Birmingham on Monday 19 September. Posts viewed thousands of times on Twitter blamed “Islamic extremists” for setting the fire, without evidence.
West Midlands Fire Service investigated the fire and concluded it started by accident when outdoor burning of rubbish spread to the building.
The BBC is not responsible for the content of external sites.View original tweet on Twitter
Of course this is by no means to say that all of the posts that followed in the immediate aftermath of the disorder were misleading or distorted.
One of the most circulated videos showed a group of masked Hindu men marching through Green Lane Road, an area of Leicester with a large Muslim population, shouting the Hindu slogan “Jai Shri Ram”.
Another video was circulated with posters saying it showed a Muslim man pulling down a Hindu saffron flag outside a temple. A flag was indeed pulled down at a temple on Belgrave Road in the city on the night of Saturday 17 September and police were investigating. However, the identity of the culprit is unclear.The false claims and inflammatory posts that have exacerbated tensions between Hindus and Muslims have been condemned by many locals from these communities.
For decades, the city has been home to South Asians who came to the UK from parts of India and East Africa, and they have lived side-by-side and fought for equal rights together.
Some people link the disorder and the reaction to it to the Hindutva ideology. They believe that Indian politics is being imported to the city, but thus far the BBC has found no direct link to such groups in the run-up to the disorder.
Another narrative being pushed is that a particular, small South Asian community, allegedly with conservative views, started these tensions. Both Hindus and Muslims we’ve spoken to have expressed this. Again, there is no concrete evidence to support, nor counter this claim.
It is difficult to pinpoint what has caused this violent unrest, but one thing is clear, social media stands accused of being the catalyst for sowing further divisions.
Additional reporting by Yasminara Khan, Ahmed Nour, Khush Sameja, Shruti Menon, Ned Davies, Joshua Cheetham and Daniele Palumbo.